Stomach Cancer/

Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer, also known asgastric cancer, is a malignant tumor that arises from the lining of the stomach. Most stomach cancers develop slowly over many years, often beginning as precancerous changes in the gastric mucosa before progressing into invasive cancer.

The stomach is a hollow muscular organ located in the upper abdomen that plays a critical role in digestion. Cancer can develop in any part of the stomach, but it most commonly affects thebody and antrum. In recent years, cancers near thegastro-esophageal junctionhave become more common.

Despite declining incidence globally, stomach cancer remains amajor cause of cancer-related mortality, especially in East Asia, including Japan, Korea, and China.

Types

Stomach cancer is classified based on histology and growth pattern:

1. Adenocarcinoma (≈90–95%)

The most common type, originating from gland-forming epithelial cells of the stomach lining.

Intestinal type
- Gland-forming
- Linked to chronic gastritis andHelicobacter pylori
- More common in older adults
Diffuse type
- Poorly differentiated
- Includessignet-ring cell carcinoma
- More aggressive, affects younger patients
- Leads to rigid stomach wall (linitis plastica)

2. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)

Arise from interstitial cells of Cajal
Rare, treated differently from adenocarcinoma

3. Gastric Lymphoma

Originates from lymphoid tissue
Often associated withH. pylori

4. Neuroendocrine Tumors

Rare
Usually slow-growing

Stages

Staging follows theTNM system:

T (Tumor depth)– how deeply the cancer invades the stomach wall
N (Nodes)– lymph node involvement
M (Metastasis)– spread to distant organs

Stage Overview

Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ
Stage I: Tumor confined to stomach wall
Stage II–III: Deeper invasion with lymph node spread
Stage IV: Distant metastasis (liver, peritoneum, lung)

Early-stage disease has a much better prognosis, but many patients present at advanced stages due to vague early symptoms.

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Risk Factors

Major risk factors include:

Helicobacter pyloriinfection
Chronic atrophic gastritis
Intestinal metaplasia
Smoking
High-salt and smoked foods
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Family history of gastric cancer
Genetic syndromes (e.g. CDH1 mutation)
Previous gastric surgery
Pernicious anemia
Male gender
Age > 50 years

Symptoms

Indigestion
Early satiety
Mild epigastric discomfort
Nausea

Advanced-stage

Persistent upper abdominal pain
Unintentional weight loss
Loss of appetite
Vomiting
Gastrointestinal bleeding (melena or hematemesis)
Iron-deficiency anemia
Dysphagia (if near gastro-esophageal junction)
Ascites in late disease

Symptoms are often nonspecific, leading to delayed diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Early-stage (often subtle or absent)

1. Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Gold standard
Allows direct visualization and biopsy

2. Biopsy & Histopathology

Confirms cancer type and grade

3. Imaging

CT scan (staging and metastasis)
Endoscopic ultrasound (depth and nodes)
PET-CT (selected cases)

4. Laboratory Tests

Anemia
Tumor markers (CEA, CA 19-9 – supportive, not diagnostic)

Facts (FAQ)

Q1: Is stomach cancer curable?
Yes, if detected early and treated appropriately.

Q2: CanH. pylorieradication prevent stomach cancer?
Yes, treatment significantly reduces risk.

Q3: Is stomach cancer hereditary?
Most cases are sporadic, but some genetic syndromes increase risk.

Q4: Does diet matter?
Yes. High salt, smoked foods increase risk, while fruits and vegetables are protective.

Q5: Why is stomach cancer often detected late?
Early symptoms are vague and easily ignored.

Consultation

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Stomach Cancer Traditional Treatment Methods

Surgical treatmentSurgery to remove cancerous tissue and clean cervical lymph nodes that may have metastasis.

Radiation TherapyRadiation therapy for follicular adenocarcinoma.

chemotherapyOften used as palliative therapy for inoperable or distantly metastatic advanced cancer.

Chinese treatmentTraditional Chinese medicine therapy can inhibit the development of cancer, improve the immune function of patients with thyroid cancer, and reduce the toxic and side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Stomach Cancer Treatment Technology

Interventional Therapy

Interventional Therapy

Mainly used in liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer and other solid tumors.

Interventional therapy is a mini-invasive therapy performed under the guidance of medical imaging equipments. With a 1-2 millimeter incision, paracentesis can be performed with the lead of medical imaging equipment....

Liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer and other solid tumor

Cryotherapy, also named cryosurgery therapy or cryoablation, is a medical technique both ancient and modern....

Liver cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, adrenal tumor and primary and metastatic solid tumors in various organs such as abdominal and pelvic tumor

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Nanoknife Technology

Nanoknife Technology

Pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer and other solid tumors, especially for tumors near the hilar area, gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, and ureter

Nanoknife is a brand-new cutting-edge ablation technology for tumor treatment. It breaks the membrane of tumor cells with high voltage pulses from electrode probes, resulting in multiple irreversible nano-meter electroporated holes, which is applicable to pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and other sol...

Lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, tongue cancer, carcinoma of parotid gland, carcinoma of tonsil, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, etc.

Particle knife (also called 125I Seed Implants) is applied to a variety of primary and metastatic tumors nowadays. 125I seeds are some small iodine radioactive particles that can give off short-range γ-ray to kill tumor cells continuously. 125I seed implantation can achieve the same internal radiati...

Solid tumors such as Liver Cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, etc.

Drug-eluting beads transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) is an interventional therapy used in tumor treatment. It is a tiny sphere made of polymers or ceramics with a certain range of sizes and with anti-tumor drugs encapsulated inside. Its main function is to embolize the vessels suppl...

Radiofrequency Ablation

Radiofrequency Ablation

Liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and other metastatic tumor

Radiofrequency ablation, sometimes referred to as RFA, is a minimally invasive treatment for cancer. It is an image-guided technique that heats and destroys cancer cells. Under the guidance of image, RFA, a physical method to inactive and kill the tumor, is performed with minimally invasive paracen...

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Oncologist & Doctors

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good at professional: She specializes in various minimally invasive treatments for tumors, especially chemotherapy, targeted therapy and various integrated minimally invasive treatment measures and individualized treatments for breast cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and gynecological tumors....

Director of Oncology DepartmentAssociate Chief Physician

good at professional: Ma Xiaoying, more than 20 years experience of clinical work in oncology, and is currently a member of the Specialized Committee on Medical Oncology, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association (CACA ) and member of Specialized Committee of Tumor Endoscopy. She specializes in chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy for various malignant tumors, including digestive tract tumors, breast cancer, lung cancer, gynecological tumors, genitour and genitourinary tumors, as well as the treatment of advanced and refractory tumors. also familiar with the minimally invasive treatment of various malignant tumors. especially for the treatment of advanced and refractory tumors with rich clinical experience. meanwhile she has published many academic thesis in professional journals....

Deputy Director, International Oncology WardAssociate Chief Physician

good at professional: Dr. Lin Jing has been engaged in clinical work in oncology for nearly 20 years and is currently a member of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association. She specializes in minimally invasive targeted therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and endocrine therapy, and other comprehensive treatments for solid tumors such as breast cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, gynecological tumors, etc. She is also good at gastrointestinal examination, endoscopic jejunal nutritional tube implantation, and endoscopic photodynamic therapy. She is familiar with the principles of various minimally invasive treatments such as intervention, argon-helium cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, etc. She is skilled in the prevention of various tumor complications and the diagnosis and treatment of critical illnesses....

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good at professional: Specialized in personalized comprehensive treatment for complex cancers including lung cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer. Skilled in interventional minimally invasive therapy, chemotherapy, and combined targeted-immunotherapy....

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